ORANGE RIVER CANOE ADVENTURE - FEBRUARY 1999
100 kilometres worth of spectacular canyon geology, from Felix Unite Provenance Camp
downstream to Grootpenseiland
Orange River from Provenance Camp Lush grass and shady trees of Provenance Camp on the north bank of the Orange River
Monoclinal boxfold developed in Nama strata, causing the quartzites to dip vertically, near Modderdrif Sharp hinge in the monoclinal box fold near Modderdrif
Black Nama limestone strata characterise the Orange canyon at Modderdrif Normal fault in the black Nama limestones
  Disharmonic anticlinal fold in black Nama limestone strata, Modderdrif Xaminxaip, Nama strata upstream in the distance, with Richtersveld granites in foreground
Xaminxaip, where the Orange makes an abrupt turn north at Hamerkop Point "King Kong" a distinctive cliff near the mouth of the Stinkfontein River, built from mafic feldspar-phyric syenite
View upstream from the top of King Kong, dark syenites and quartz syenites of the Richtersveld igneous complex Dawn sun on quartz syenites upstream from King Kong
Multiple intrusive phases of the Richtersveld complex between King Kong and Sjambokkloof Intense dyke injection into the Sjambokkloof granite
  Sjambok rapids, formed by resistant dark bostonite dykes cutting across granite Dykes intruding Richtersveld granite, between Sjambok rapids and Seven Pillars
Ridges of mafic Gannakouriep dykes cutting Richtersveld granite, between Sjambok and Seven Pillars Approaching Seven Pillars, a mountain built of quartzite within the Orange River Group
Seven Pillars mountain of quartzite looms over the alluvial diamond mine Thunderstorm rain mixes with desert sun to produce a rare double rainbow over Seven Pillars
View upstream of the diamond-bearing gravel terraces at Seven Pillars View downstream from Seven Pillars towards the Rosyntjieberg
Folded quartzites and dark metavolcanics of the Rosyntjieberg loom over the Orange Isoclinally folded quartzites of the Rosyntjieberg Formation
  Gorgons Head, deep in the Rosyntjieberg mountains Klipneus, with dark metavolcanics of the Orange River Group overlain by thin quartzites
Grasdrif, horizontal Karoo strata capped by cliffs of brown Karoo dolerite   Grasdrif, monoclinal fold in Nama and Karoo strata
Steeply dipping Nama and Karoo strata in the Gamkab monocline   View upstream of the Orange canyon between Gamkab and Grootpenseiland
Grootpenseiland, formed by a split in the channel of the Orange Granites and syenites in the south wall of the Orange canyon at Gootpenseiland
  Rocky pavement of Vioolsdrif granite floor the rapids at Grootpenseiland